Contributing factors and treatments of Osteoporosis

Contributing factors and treatments of Osteoporosis Factors Contributing To Osteoporosis, The Symptoms And Consequences Of This Disease And Its Prevention And Treatments So That Patient Can Achieve An Almost Normal Life Primary osteoporosis can occur in both sexes, is common in postmenopausal females, and occurs later in life in men. Secondary osteoporosis includes deficiencies or excesses of hormones, steroid administration and chronic illness. Osteoporosis may not be due to bone loss alone but if a person is 20 years of age and the bones have not reached their lifes highest density although one ages with normal daily bone loss, osteoporosis can occur even without accelerated bone loss because the ultimate bone mass achieved is the result of a balance between bone formation and bone resorption. Bones are living tissue. Throughout our lifespan, new bone is formed daily to replace areas of bone that dissolve into the blood. This constant remodeling process-bone resorption and then formation-continues throughout life, but after age 35 more resorption take place. Osteoporosis results when there is excess bone loss without adequate replacement. Bones become brittle and easy to break. Normal bone structu re has two forms that is the outer shell of the bone known as the cortex which is very strong and solid. The inside consists of trabeculae, a meshwork of bony struts. The empty spaces between the struts are filled with fat, bone marrow and blood vessels. In osteoporotic bones, calcium leaches from the bone mass and as a result small holes form in the bones. Presence of these holes causes bone weakening. As the process continues, trabecular struts are lost and the pores and empty spaces within the bone grow larger. It takes one minute breaks to occur in the weakened bone tissue to cause major fractures. It is hoped that this assignment could be of much help to us and our other friends to have a better understanding of osteoporosis in general 10 INTRODUCTION TO OSTEOPOROSIS OSTEOPOROSIS IN MENOPAUSE WOMEN Definition Of Osteoporosis In Menopause Women i. Defining Osteoporosis The World Health Organization (WHO) defined osteoporosis in women as a bone mineral density 2.5 standard deviation below peak bone mass (20-year-old healthy female average) as measured by DXA. There are two types of osteoporosis; primary osteoporosis and secondary osteoporosis. Primary Osteoporosis can be found in people with low bone mass, in female, aging citizens, those suffering from estrogen deficiency, white race, low weight and body mass index (BMI), a family with osteoporosis history, addicted smokers, and a long history of fractures. Last but not least a prolonged periods of immobility, early menopause, and low endogenous levels of estrogen Secondary Osteoporosis are disorders link with increased risk of osteoporosis, such as hypogonadism which is the lack of testosterone or estrogens by the testes or ovaries, endocrine disorders, genetic disorders, hematologic disorders, gastrointestinal diseases such as celiac disease, connective tissue disorders, nutritional deficiency, alcoholism, end stage renal disease, drug such as corticosteroids and congestive heart failure. 11 ii. What Is Menopause? Menopause happens in woman at the age of 51 whose ovaries had stopped releasing eggs, estrogens or when other hormones produced in the ovary slowly diminishes and menstruation slows down. If the ovaries had stopped producing estrogen and progesterone, the low estrogen levels may cause menopause symptoms. For example; cessation of menstruation will be followed by night sweats, hot flashes, vaginal dryness or even heavy and erratic periods. Osteoporosis in menopause women is known as post menopausal osteoporosis. B. Knowing Osteoporosiss Basic Bone Formation Our bone is renewed in two stages, that is, resorption and formation. In the resorption stage, the bone is broken down and removed by osteoclasts cells. In the formation stage the osteoblasts cells built new bones replacing the old ones. During childhood, early adulthood and by mid-30s, more bones are produced than removed. After mid-30s the bone is lost faster than it being formed, which resulted in the amount of bone in the skeleton to slowly decline due to aging. Osteoporosis due to aging is called primary osteoporosis. If caused by disease processes or prolonged use of certain medication, it is then known as secondary osteoporosis. 12 THE RISK FACTOR, FACTORS AFFECTING AND THE CAUSES OF OSTEOPOROSIS ________________________________________________________________________ ll. The Risk Factor And Factors Affecting Osteoporosis The Risk Factor of Osteoporosis/Factors Affecting Osteoporosis Risk factor for osteoporosis fracture is group into non-modifiable and modifiable. Examples of non-modifiable are aging in men and women, oestrogen deficiency, reduction in bone mineral density and a drop in men testosterone level. Potential modifiable are excess alcohol, vitamin D deficiency, tobacco smoking, malnutrition, high protein diet, under weight or inactive, excess physical activity, soft drinks, caffeine and heavy metals. Heavy metal is an association between cadmium, lead and bone disease. Low level exposure to cadmium can cause an increased loss of bone mineral density in men and women, which in turn can lead to pain and increased risk of fractures. Higher cadmium exposure can soften the bones. Its greatest risk factor is the menopause stage where there is no further production of bone protecting hormones or production of protecting hormones reduced. Other risk factors include being female, age, family history of osteoporosis, hormone deficiency, low calcium intakes, drinking excessive alcohol and smoking cigarettes. Others include early menopause in women and a number of medical conditions. Health also contribute to risk factor, especially if ones had her ovaries removed, having menopause before the age of 45, suffering from amenorrhea or regular intake of steroid or thyroid medication Hereditary or genetics could be anyones risk factor, for example, family history whereby female Caucasian or Asian with thin and small bones. 13 Unchecked lifestyle like addicted smokers and heavy beverages drinkers , that is, ones drinking habit of caffeinated drinks such as coffee, tea or soda. If ones does not consume enough milk, dairy product, vegetables, fruits or other food sources rich in calcium or taking excess protein intake could also increase the risk factor of osteoporosis. Being physically inactive for a prolong periods of time could increases the risk of osteoporosis. The Causes Of Osteoporosis In Menopause Women And Men Osteoporosis is related to weak and fragile bones in aging people, people with obesity and pregnant women. Diseased bone with small pores and cracks often breaks, causing fracture unable to support their body weight are caused by osteoporosis. Lifestyle habits, smoking, alcohol intake, hereditary and low estrogen levels in women and men can cause osteoporosis. The inability of ovaries in post-menopause women to secrete estrogen to maintain the bone density can cause them osteoporosis. Enough nutrients should be taken at an early age or else we will end up with bone diseases later on. Weak bones that become weaker will develop small cracks due to improper supply of nutrients and minerals are the primary cause for developing osteoporosis. In gender, women are smaller and have less bone when compare to men and they lose bone tissue quickly as they aged too. Low body weight could be affected with 14 osteoporosis disease. Mineral density should be built up at an early age by taking food that is rich in calcium and minerals for stronger bone tissue as they get older. Eating excess protein causes calcium intake to be taken from the bone and excreted in the urine. To make it worst, bone strength peaks in our mid thirty, after this, bone gradually loses its density and strength. The presence of particular hormonal disorder and other chronic diseases such as parathyroid or as a result of medications can be one of the causes of osteoporosis, especially for women after menopause or even old men. Hyperparathyroidism can happens in a young age or osteoporosis in male, Immobility of an affected limb after severe fractures as in accident victims can cause osteoporosis, especially those in plastered for a long time. Drug like steroid is an osteoporosis inducer. Patients with this treatment should have high calcium intakes. . 15 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF OSTEOPOROSIS ________________________________________________________________________ lll. Understanding The Signs and Symptoms of Osteoporosis Signs and Symptoms of Osteoporosis The Pain Factor There are not many signs and symptoms of osteoporosis. We can feel the signs and symptoms if there is severe and long lasting pain in acute fracture when lifting or bending. Back pain is a sign or symptom that shows an increased thoracic kyphosis, that is, the upper back curve or an increased cervico-thoracic curve, for example, the dowagers hump. Both of them feature a noticeable loss of height. Osteoporosis does not always cause pain. It can cause discomfort due to thinning bones. Under x-ray, thin bones and compressed fractures in the thoracic spine shows that even without trauma the sign and symptom of osteoporosis is still there, especially after a bone density scan (DEXA) to detect and monitor the degree of osteoporosis changes. Bone disease is responsible for 1.5 fractures every year. The fractures are the first sign of osteoporosis existing in bones such as in the hip, spine and wrist. Breaks in the hip and spine should be taken seriously because if not taken care of immediately not only they suffer severe pain but also require hospitalisation and major surgery. Osteoporosis fractures can cause acute and chronic pain but spinal fractures may be painless. Sometimes, acute pain is the normal process of fractures healing. Whereas chronic pain continues long after the bone is healed. An accidental fall or severe blow can cause hip and wrist fracture. A crush fracture and a collapsed vertebra is also a prominent symptom. 16 Over the years of unchecked disintegration of the vertebrae can caused widows hump, a forward curve of the spine in the upper back. 17 PREVENTIONS OF OSTEOPOROSIS ________________________________________________________________________ IV. Preventions And Treatments For Patients To Live A Normal Life A. Preventions, Treatments And Coping With Osteoporosis i. Preventing Osteoporosis In General We need to practice the healthy lifestyle to prevent our bones from becoming thin and weak or also known as osteoporosis. Without prevention and treatment, osteoporosis will continue developing on our bones without any symptom or pain until we noticed that fracture had occurred. The first prevention that we will discuss is based on the scope of nutrition. Our bodies need the proper amount of vitamins, minerals and other nutrient to stay healthy. By eating the right food, we essentially get the best nutrition needed. For the better function of heart, muscle, nerve and for stronger bones, gaining enough calcium and vitamin D is important. Balanced diet is the best way to get enough calcium. Besides getting the balanced diet, we need to have a diet that is high in calcium. Getting less calcium during our lifetime will increase the risk of developing osteoporosis which is related with broken bones, rapid bone loss and low bone mass. Good sources of calcium present are low-fat dairy produ ct (milk, yogurt, cheese, and ice cream), leafy vegetables (broccoli, collard greens, and spinach), sardines and salmons with bones, tofu, almonds and food with added calcium (orange, juice, breads, and soy products). Other things we can do to prevent osteoporosis from occurs to us is through exercises. Bones are living tissue that will become stronger when we exercise. A bone may look like a hard and lifeless structure, but it is actually more like muscle. Bone density 18 and strength increased through physical activity during childhood and adolescence. Meaning, children who always do their exercise often more are easily to have maximum strength and solid bone (higher peak bone density) usually when they are 30 years. The best exercise to prevent osteoporosis is weight bearing exercise. This is because this exercise works against gravity. It works when our feet and leg are supporting our own weight. It is important for building and maintaining healthy bones. It includes walking, jogging, jumping rope, climbing stairs, dancing and others. Other recommended exercise is resistance exercise. This exercise use muscle strength to trigger muscle mass and also help to strengthen the bones. Activities that make use this muscle is weight lifting like using free weight and machines, as found at health club and gym. Exercise is more benefit in older people because through exercise they can increase their muscle strength, coordination and balance which make them to attain better health. However, people with chronic disease like heart or lung disease, people with osteoporosis, older people and people who do not take their exercise should check themselves with their healthcare provider before trying any exercise program. Other ways for us to prevent osteoporosis is to change our life style. It includes to stop smoking and limiting alcohol intake. Smoking had bad effect to our body especially to our bones and as well as our heart and lung. For women, nicotine in cigarette will inhibit the bone protective thus it will affect amount of estrogen produce. Women smoker 19 tend to get menopause earlier. This is because it will hasten the development of osteoporosis since bone density had decrease rapidly after menopause. Menopause women who had smoked and choose hormone replacement therapy acquire more complication and intake of large doses of hormone. For the men who smoke, they are at risk for osteoporosis to occur. Besides that, men or women smoker may absorb less calcium from their daily diet. Compared to non smoker, smokers have high risk of hip fracture. Other than to stop smoking, we need to limit the alcohol intake in our daily life. Consumption of 2-3 ounces of alcohol a day even in young men and women will cause them to have bone loss and fracture. This is the result of poor nutrition which increased the risk of falling. Drinkers are liable to get a high risk of osteoporosis. 20 TREATMENTS AND MEDICAL AIDS FOR OSTEOPOROSIS __________________________________________________________________ ii. Treatments And Medical Aids For Osteoporosis Patients At times, we wonder as to how we have osteoporosis problem and not knowing why this is happening to us. It is crucial for us to see the symptoms and detect the risk factors of osteoporosis before it is too late. We should also be aware and know how to prevent osteoporosis from occur to us as we aged. After following the guide lines given by the doctors and physiotherapist but bone fracture still could not be stopped, a person can take drastic action to stop the progression of bone loss through surgery or medications. So do not worry too much about it since there are ways on how to treat it. There are various treatments that are available for treating osteoporosis. One of them is Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT). HRT is used on women who are going through menopause. The function of this treatment is to make the bone density to be constant and stable and also to slower down the fracture rates during treatment session. There are so many types of HRT like the menopausal hormone therapy, estrogen hormone therapy, testosterone hormone treatment, and others related to the hormone. Usually this type of HRT is not used alone. It is always used with the combination of two hormones, for example, progesterone is combined with estrogen. This is to prevent side effect like increasing the risk of stroke, heart disease, breast cancer, heart attack, ovaries 21 cancer and also the risk of endometrial cancer in woman who has not had a hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus). This HRT can be taken in form of pill and skin patches. Other form of treatment provided is the high intake of calcium and vitamin supplements. This nutrition intake has benefited older people either male or female in taking steps to decrease the risk of fracture. For women, getting enough calcium in their diet can help to minimise the risk of fracture at young age. Each day, we should drink or eat for about 700mg of calcium. This is the best amount of calcium that our bodies need every day. If we had found that we are not getting sufficient amount of calcium in our diet, we should ask the health care provider or the doctor for advise about calcium supplement that we need to take. Another treatment available for osteoporosis patients is through medication or therapeutic medication. Effective medication should be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration  (FDA). Currently the most effective medication that is approved by FDA is the anti-resorptive agents. This medication is aimed to prevent bone loss. Besides increasing the bone density, anti-resorptive medications inhibit bone removal and tipping the balance in favour of bone rebuilding. Examples of antiresorptive agents are menopausal estrogen theraphy, alendronote, risedronate, ibandronate, raloxifene, teriparatide and calcitonin. Each antiresorptive agents has had approval for their specific use. Alendronate,  risedronate, and  ibandronate  are approved for the prevention and treatment of  postmenopausal osteoporosis in  women. Alendronate is able to increase 22 bone mass in men with age-related osteoporosis, Alendronate and risedronate are to treat men and women with steroid-induced (glucocorticoid) osteoporosis. Raloxifene is approved for the postmenopausal women who are not taking hormone replacement therapy. Teriparatide  is approved for the treatment in postmenopausal women and men who are at high risk for fracture and is the calcitonin  medication. The last step that we can do to prevent osteoporosis from developing is through early screening. Doing bone mineral density (BMD) test is the only reliable way to know the exact loss of bone mass. It is to test the strength and solidness of the bones. Bone mineral density tests measure the solidness and mass (bone density) in the spine, hip, wrist, heal or hand. This is the common sites of fractures in our bodies due to osteoporosis. These tests are performed like x-rays.  They are painless, non- invasive, and safe. The risk of radiation is very minimal, much less than even having a chest x-ray film. BMD test should be taken by people with strong risk factor for osteoporosis. The risk factor includes estrogen deficiency, poor diet without enough calcium, Lack of exercise, smoking, large intake of alcohol, family history  of hip fracture or vertebral fractures and low body mass index. Examples of tests that are used to measure bone mineral density include dual energy  x-ray  absorptiometry (DXA),  quantitative  computed tomography  (QCT), and quantitative  ultrasound  (QUS). 23 By detecting osteoporosis at an early stage,  the patient and the doctor  can take action to stop the progression of bone loss. Changing the lifestyle and sticking to the treatment strategies recommended by a doctor, osteoporosis can be prevented 24 COPING WITH MENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS ________________________________________________________________________ Menopause Women Coping With Osteoporosis Menopause women with a number of risks factor or had a fracture without significant trauma should go to the hospital and treated for low bone density. Exercise plays an important role to help circulation, increase bone density and HDL levels and lower stress due to vaginal dryness. They should avoid smoking and excess alcohol. They should limit their protein and fat intakes and increase their fibre and calcium intakes. They should get the help and advice from a skilled physiotherapist from any local osteoporosis classes and clinics who in turn will educate them the importance and benefits of movement. Plenty of exercises can push up their bone to a good level and slow down the bone loss process. Impact exercises which jar the bones are better than cycling or swimming. 25 THE CONSEQUENCES OF OSTEOPOROSIS ________________________________________________________________________ V. Consequences Of Osteoporosis For Individuals And Community Osteoporotic fractures have consequences impact for individuals, community, organisation, private industry and governments, for example, individually fractures can lead to chronic pain, immobility and restricted activities. The cost of loss of income, such as, equipment and devices to help cope with restricted activities and home care are paid by family members. For the community, an increased demand for services such as meals on wheels and community taxi services are inevitable. 26 CONCLUSION ________________________________________________________________________ VI. Conclusion We would like to conclude that osteoporosis can be avoided if we plan our food intakes wisely. Food sources rich in calcium like dairy products, green leafy vegetables and fruits which is known to increase the bone mineral density. Vitamin D, magnesium, vitamin B and vitamin K are essential nutrients found in green vegetables that could avoid weak and thinning bones. We should also exercise for a healthy and fitness body and should go for medical check up as often as possible to enable detection of osteoporosis at its early stage. Furthermore, serious consequences of bone fracture include permanent disability or death. 27 GLOSSARY ______________________________________________________________________________ Standard deviations- Standard deviations refer to a disease characterised by low bone mass and loss of bone tissue that may lead to weak and fragile bones. In osteoporosis the bone mineral density is reduced, bone micro architecture disrupted and the amount and variety of bone protein is altered. DXA- DXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) is a means of measuring bone mineral density (BMD). WHO- WHO (World Health Organisation) is a specialised agency of a coordination authority on international public. Immobility- State of being immobile Renal- (Anatomy) of, in or near the kidneys Cessation- Action or act of ceasing; pause. Deficiency- State of lacking something essential, Instance of this; shortage Lack of a necessary quality; fault. Erratic- Irregular or uneven in movement, quality or behaviour (unreliable) Caucasian- Relating to the white or light-skinned racial division of mankind Dowagers hump or widows hump- Compression fractures of the spine cause a loss of height and the bending of the shoulders (upper part of the back) 28

How to Make Ski Wax :: Process Essays

Ingredients and formula for super fast ,all temp, racing ski wax:(1) 5 lbs of paraffin wax(I use a 160 degree melt temperature wax) (2) 1/2 lb of paraflint wax hardener (3) a bar of Ivory soap (4) a regular size tube of Crest high fluoride toothpaste (5)a heaping tablespoon of spruce gum(resin from a spruce tree) The paraffin and paraflint hardener can be easily and cheaply obtained from most candle supply companies.The soap and toothpaste are easy enough.The spruce gum can be obtained from any specie of spruce tree.It exudes from wounds in the bark or broken branches.Make sure it is soft and clean,free from any dirt or bark.Spruce trees are common in many towns and suburban areas.Check ones near roads that have been recently pruned or ask the landowner permission to collect some from their tree.A lot of spruce on lawns have the bottom branches pruned. Use a pocket knife or spoon and a small jar with lid to collect the gum. In addition to these ingredients you will also need: An outdoor cookstove or grill ,a freezer,a large and small cooking pot,stove mitts,a butterknife,a cheesegrater,a handheld mixer/blender,a clock or watch,a bowl,and a few of the cheap pie tins or tin bread molds to pour the liquid wax into. CAUTION:MELTING WAX CAN BE VERY DANGEROUS.IT IS ADVISABLE TO HAVE SOMEONE ELSE PRESENT WHEN MAKING THIS WAX.MELT IT OUTDOORS AWAY FROM BUILDINGS TO AVOID FIRE.KEEP CHILDREN AND ANIMALS AWAY. Step1-Put the pie tins or tin bread molds in the freezer to get them cold. Step2-With the cheesegrater, finely grate the entire bar of soap into the bowl. Step3-With the butterknife thinly spread the spruce gum on one side of all the bars of paraffin.(To make this easier you may need to warm the gum near a gentle heat source) Step4-Pour the paraflint into the small cooking pot,put it on the burner and turn on the flame(low heat). Step5-Put a bar of paraffin in the big cooking pot(gum side up),put it on the burner and turn on the flame(high heat).When the bar melts put in another and when that melts another†¦until all are melted.(If any impurities rise to the top,skim them off with a spoon or mesh spoon.There shouldn’t be any if the gum is clean.) Step6-As soon as all bars of wax are melted begin blending the wax and gum while pouring in the soap.Continue blending.(high speed) Step7-When the soap and wax are thoroughly blended, squeeze the entire tube of toothpaste into the mixture while blending and continue to blend until the toothpaste is thoroughly incorporated into the mixture.

Numerical Analysis of Soil-Structure Interaction at Seismic Fault Pulses

Numeric Analysis of Soil-Structure Interaction at Seismic Fault Pulses Abstraction—Numeric analysis of soil–structure systems at seismal mistake pulsations has investigated. Vibration transmissibility of the soil–structure interaction has analysed for super-structures with different aspect ratios positioned on assorted dirt types and different foundations have studied. Soil construction interaction with geometric nonlinearity has been considered with forward directionality and fling measure types of mathematical seismal mistake pulsations. It has been analyzed that nonlinear SSI is tend to magnify the acceleration responses when subjected to low frequence incident pulsations below normalized threshold frequences. These thresholds associate with dirt categorization, so that different dirt type has assorted shear moving ridge speed. With increased shear wave speed of the implicit in dirt makes the threshold frequence additions. Keywords—Nonlinear soil–structure interaction, response analysis, seismal mistake, land daze, swaying isolation.IntroductionSHOCK and quiver isolation reduces the excitement transmitted to systems necessitating protection. An illustration is the interpolation of isolators between equipment and foundations back uping the equipment. The isolators act to cut down effects of support gesture on the equipment and to cut down effects of force transmitted by the equipment to the supporting construction. Isolators act by debaring and hive awaying energy at resonating frequences of the isolation system, thereby diminishing force degrees transmitted at higher frequences. The dampers act by dispersing energy to cut down the elaboration of forces that occur at resonance [ 1 ] . The chief thought in basal isolation is to cut down the seismal responses by infixing low–stiffness, high–damping constituents between the foundation and the construction [ 2 ] . This manner, th e natural period and damping of the construction will be increased, which can cut down the responses of the superstructure, particularly inter–story impetuss and floor accelerations [ 3 ] . Alternatively, base supplantings in those systems, particularly under near–fault land gestures, are increased [ 4 ] . The first concerns about this issue were arisen after 1992 Landers and so 1994 Northridge temblors, where long–period pulse–type land gestures were observed in near–fault records. Evidence show that temblor records in near–field parts may hold big energy in low frequences and can do drastic responses in base stray constructions [ 5 ] . Past surveies in the literature reveal that nonlinear soil– construction interaction ( SSI ) including foundation upheaval and dirt output can exhibit basal isolating effects due to hysteretic damping of the implicit in dirt. These effects can be important during strong land gestures when the superstr ucture is mounted on a shallow foundation with sufficiently low inactive perpendicular burden bearing safety factor [ 6 ] . On the other manus, geometry of the superstructure should besides enable the swaying gestures of the foundation to emerge as a singular manner of quiver in seismal public presentation of the soil–structure system. In such status, the so–called inverted–pendulum constructions [ 7 ] can profit from energy absorbing capacity of the implicit in dirt viz. swaying isolation. This context motivated Koh and Hsiung [ 8 ] , [ 9 ] to analyze base isolation benefits of 3D rocking and upheaval. In their surveies, three–dimensional cylindrical stiff block rested on a Winkler foundation of independent springs and dashpots were examined. They compared response of the theoretical account under earthquake–like excitements when the foundation was allowed to elate versus no–uplift status. It was concluded that curtailing upheaval can prese nt higher emphasiss and accelerations inside the construction. The purpose of this paper is shock response analysis of the soil– construction systems induced by near–fault pulsations. Vibration transmissibility of the soil–structure systems is evaluated utilizing daze response spectra ( SRS ) . An in–depth parametric survey is conducted. Medium–to–high rise edifices with different aspect ratios every bit good as foundations with different safety factors located on different dirt types are studied. Two types of near–fault land dazes with different pulsation periods every bit good as pulse amplitudes are selected as input excitement. Linear versus nonlinear SSI status are considered instead and the corresponding consequences are compared. II. N UMERICAL MODEL The soil–structure system modeled in this survey consists of multi–story constructing constructions based on surface mat foundation located on dirt medium. Numeric theoretical account subjected to near–fault land dazes is schematically illustrated in Fig. 1. A. Superstructure Shear edifice theoretical accounts are most normally used in research surveies on seismically isolated edifices. To this purpose, a generic simplified theoretical account is created to stand for a category of structural systems with a given natural period and distribution of stiffness over the height [ 10 ] . In this survey, the superstructure is a 3D shear constructing habitue in program and height to avoid the effects of geometrical dissymmetry. Requirements for including near–field effects are considered harmonizing to ASCE7–10 [ 11 ] . Dead and unrecorded tonss are assumed 600 and 200kg/m2, severally. The narrative tallness of 3.0mand figure of narratives equal to 10, 15, and 20 are selected in order to stand for medium–to–high–rise edifices that can rationally hold shallow foundations on different types of dirt medium. First–mode natural periods of fixed–base construction are 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0sfor 10– , 15– , and 20à ¢â‚¬â€œstory edifices, severally. These natural periods are consistent with approximative cardinal period expressions introduced in ASCE7–10. The analyses have been performed utilizing OpenSEES package [ 12 ] . Rayleigh theoretical account with muffling ratio equal to 5 % of critical damping is assigned to the superstructure. In this instance, superstructure elements are assumed with no ductileness and P–Delta geometrical nonlinearity is included. FIG 1 B. Interacting System The interacting system called infrastructure consists of soil– foundation ensemble which induces base–isolating effects to the construction. The foundation is a square mat with thickness of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0mfor 10– , 15– , and 20–story edifices, severally. Brick elements are used to pattern the foundation. Dimensions of the foundation program were designed harmonizing to perpendicular burden bearing capacity of dirt medium. Therefore, different foundation program dimensions are calculated sing to different dirt types every bit good as different safety factors. The foundation is assumed to be inflexible and no embedment is considered in this survey. In order to see dirt effects, four types of dirt media with a broad scope of shear–wave speed (Volt) were considered to cover soft to really heavy dirt in conformity with site categorization introduced in ASCE7–10 [ 11 ] . The dirt is considered as a homogeneous half–space medium and is non modeled straight in this survey. Simplified theoretical accounts are used to enforce substructure effects including dirt flexibleness, radiation damping, tenseness cut–off, and dirt output on the foundation. The horizontal ( sway ) electric resistances can be straight obtained utilizing Cone theoretical account expressions [ 13 ] . However, swaying and perpendicular electric resistances, because of part of foundation upheaval and dirt output nonlinear effects, could non be straight calculated utilizing lumped theoretical account in perpendicular and rocking waies. In perpendicular and swaying waies, the foundation country is discretized over a sufficient figure of nodes. The discretization of foundation program country has been done in conformity with so–called subdisk method recommended by Wolf [ 14 ] to cipher perpendicular and swaying dynamic electric resistance of dirt. In order to allow the foundation upheaval and dirt output phenomena contribute in finite component mold of soil–structure system the perpendicular nonlinear elastic–perfectly fictile spread stuff is assigned to the perpendicular contact elements. FIG 2 III. MATHEMATICAL NEAR–FAULT PULSES Idealized pulsations, used in this survey, are described by sinusoidal maps proposed by Sasani and Bertero every bit good as Kalkan and Kunnath that represent fling measure and frontward directionality type of land gestures [ 15 ] , [ 16 ] . The mathematical preparations of the acceleration clip history of fling–step and forward–directivity pulsations are presented in ( 1 ) , and ( 2 ) , severally. Fling–Step Pulse whereCalciferoldenotes the maximal amplitude of the land supplanting derived by dual clip integrating of land acceleration, ( )Ta, and so T andThyminedenote pulse period and pulse reaching clip, severally.IPulse amplitude and pulse period are the two cardinal input parametric quantities of the idealised pulsation theoretical accounts. In this research, pulse–to–fixed–base construction period ratio (ThymineT ) is assumed to fall within 0.5 to 2.5. Within this scope, existent near–field records can be replaced by idealised pulsations and outstanding belongingss of structural response are captured with sensible estimate [ 17 ] , [ 18 ] . Furthermore, pulse amplitude matching to different excitement degrees varies from moderate to really strong land gestures in this survey. For this intent, peak land speed ( PGV ) varies from 20 to 220cm/sto stand for moderate to really strong land gestures, severally. In this survey, unidirectional excitement is exerted to th e base when the simplified pulse theoretical accounts of fling measure and forward directionality are used. IV. PARAMETRIC STUDY It is good known that the response of soil–structure system depends on geometric and dynamic belongingss of the construction and the beneath dirt. These effects can be incorporated into the studied theoretical account by the undermentioned non–dimensional parametric quantities [ 19 ] , [ 20 ] : where a0,hole,Hydrogen,Volt,Strontium, andBacillusbase for non– dimensional frequence, round frequence of the fixed–base construction, superstructure tallness, shear–wave speed of dirt, slenderness ratio, and breadth of the superstructure, in the same order. Non–dimensional frequence parametric quantity,a0, is introduced as an index for the structure–to–soil stiffness ratio. In this survey, this parametric quantity is assumed 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 to cover different degrees of dirt flexibleness. Harmonizing to ( 1 ) , the a0 peers to 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 is matching to shear–wave speed of dirt 754, 377, 188, and 94samarium, severally. Sing to ( 4 ) ,Strontiumparametric quantity bases for slenderness of + [ ] T + + the superstructure. In this paper, values of 2 and 4 are assigned toStrontiumparametric quantity in order to stand for low every bit good as highaandStrontium, are typically considered as the cardinal parametric quantities of the soil–aspect ratio. These two mentioned parametric quantities, 0structure system [ 19 ] . Besides, with respect to nonlinear SSI incorporated in this parametric survey, the undermentioned non– dimensional parametric quantity is besides considered: whereNitrogen,uouN, andSFdenote the dirt bearing capacity under strictly perpendicular inactive burden, the perpendicular applied burden, and factor of safety against perpendicular burden bearing of the foundation, severally.Degree fahrenheitis set equal to 1.2, 1.85, and 2.5 to stand for severely–loaded, instead heavily–loaded, and instead lightly–loaded foundations, severally [ 21 ] . For daze response analysis of the soil–structure system, maximal response acceleration at a givenIth narrative (MRA) is defined as time–domain utmost value of absolute response acceleration of theIth floor. Peak value ofMRAiialong tallness of the construction is defined asPMRA. This index is compared in two alternate linear every bit good as nonlinear SSI status as introduced in Fig. 2. In 2nd instance, foundation upheaval and dirt output is permitted during dynamic time–history analyses. Comparison of the two SSI status reveals swaying isolation effects of foundation upheaval and dirt output on commanding accelerations transmitted to the superstructure when subjected to near–fault land dazes. To quantify the rocking isolations effects of nonlinear SSI on commanding familial accelerations, the undermentioned index is defined: whereqacceldenotes maximal response acceleration ratio which is equal toPMRAat nonlinear SSI status,( NLSSI ) PMRA ( LSSI ) PMRAdivided by the same value at additive SSI status, . V. S HOCK RESPONSE SPECTRA ( SRS ) OF THE SOIL–STRUCTURE SYSTEMS Vibration transmissibility of the soil–structure systems is evaluated in this subdivision utilizing daze response spectrum. As illustrated in Figs. 3 and 4, the ordinate of each SRS curve represents theQratio as introduced in ( 6 ) . The abscissa T/Tof the SRS represents the ratio of the excitement pulsation continuanceaccelT to the natural periodThymineof the swaying isolation ( or natural period of swaying response of the foundation ) . Almost 16000 clip history analyses are performed in this survey. Consequently, the SRS braces with uninterrupted and dash lines in Figs. 3 and 4 represent mean and standard divergence ( s ) of the primary SRS curves ensemble, severally. The SRS braces are plotted with regard to different incident pulsation periods t to demo the consequence of daze strength. In Fig. 3 the consequence of dirt type on quiver transmissibility of the soil–structure systems is investigated through comparing SRSs for different values ofa, ( 3 ) . The consequences show that nonlinear SSI is likely to magnify the acceleration responses when subjected to long–period incident pulsations with0normalized period T/Ttranscending a threshold. It is shown that this threshold T/Tcorrelatives with dirt type. In more precise words, whenalessenings ( i.e. at more dense sites ) the threshold T/Tmoves to left as displayed in Fig. 3. For case, 0 the incident pulsation with normalized period greater than the threshold, T/T= 1.25, leads to response elaboration in a 10–story edifice located on really heavy site (a=0.25 ) . On the other manus, comparing single SRS curves on each graph of Fig. 3 reveals that increasing the land daze strength consequences in steeper inclines of SRSs. This fact shows that nonlinear SSI is more activated topic to incident pulsations with greater amplitudes. In Fig. 4 the consequence of incident pulsation type on quiver transmissibility of the soil–structure systems is examined through comparing SRSs of frontward directionality versus fling measure pulsations. The consequences show that long–period frontward directionality pulsations can ensue in important response elaboration, particularly when the pulse amplitude intensifies. In contrast, nonlinear SSI topic to short–period frontward directionality pulsations with high amplitudes can cut down the acceleration responses down to about 50 % for the 15–story edifice as presented in Fig. 4. In add-on, the two graphs of Fig. 4 depict that quiver transmissibility of nonlinear SSI is more period–dependent topic to send on directionality pulsations compared to fling measure land daze. VI. C ONCLUSION This paper concerns shock response analysis of the soil– construction systems induced by near–fault pulsations. To this terminal, quiver transmissibility of the soil–structure systems is evaluated utilizing daze response spectra. An in–depth parametric survey including about 16000 clip history analyses are performed. Medium–to–high rise edifices with different aspect ratios every bit good as foundations with different safety factors located on different dirt types are studied. Two types of near–fault land dazes, i.e. forward directionality and fling measure pulsations, with different pulsation periods every bit good as pulse amplitudes are selected as input excitement. Linear versus nonlinear SSI status are considered. Maximal response acceleration ratioQ is selected as quiver transmissibility index in additive compared to nonlinear SSI status. The consequences show that nonlinear SSI is likely to magnify the acceleration responses when subjected to long–period incident pulsations with normalized period T/Ttranscending a threshold. This threshold T/Tcorrelatives with dirt type, so that increasing shear–wave speed of the implicit in dirt, the threshold T/T lessenings. On the other manus, addition in land daze strength consequences in steeper inclines of SRSs, i.e. greater period dependence. Furthermore, comparing SRSs of frontward directionality versus fling measure pulsations reveals that long–period frontward directionality pulsations can ensue in important response elaboration, particularly when the pulse amplitude intensifies. In contrast, short–period frontward directionality pulsations with high amplitudes are significantly isolated. In add-on, quiver transmissibility of nonlinear SSI is more period–dependent topic to send on directionality pulsations compared to fling measure land daze. MentionsPiersol, A. G. , and Paez, T. L. , â€Å"Harris’ Shock and Vibration HandboOklahoma, † 6Thursdayed. , McGraw–Hill, New York, 2010.Skinner, R. I. , Robinson, W. H. , and McVerry, G. H. , â€Å"An debut to seismic isolation, † Wiley, Chichester, England, 1993.Naeim, F. , and Kelly, J. M. , â€Å"Design of seismal stray constructions: From theory to pattern, † Wiley, Chichester, England, 1999.Hall, J. F. , Heaton, T. H. , Halling, M. W. , and Wald, D. J. â€Å"Near–source land gesture and its effects on flexible edifices, †Earthquake Spectra, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 569– 605, 1995.Heaton, T. H. , Hall, J. F. , Wald, D. J. , and Halling, M. V. , â€Å"Response of high–rise and base–isolated edifices in a conjectural Mw 7.0 blind thrust temblor, †Science, vol. 267, pp. 206–211, 1995.Anastasopoulos, I. , Gazetas, G. , Loli, M. , Apostolou, M. , and Gerolymos, N. , â€Å"Soil failure can be used for sei smal protection of constructions, †Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 8, pp. 309–326, 2010.Housner, G. W. , â€Å"The behaviour of upside-down pendulum constructions during temblors, †Bulletin of seismological society of America, vol. 53, no. 2: pp. 403–417, 1963.Koh, A. , and Hsiung, C. , â€Å"Base Isolation Benefits of 3–D Rocking and Uplift. I: Theory, †ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanicss, vol. 117, no. 1, pp. 1–18, 1991.Koh, A. & A ; Hsiung, C. â€Å"Base Isolation Benefits of 3–D Rocking and Uplift. II: Numeric Example, †ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanicss, vol. 117, no. 1, pp. 19–31, 1991.Alhan, C. , and Surmeli, M. , â€Å"Shear edifice representations of seismically stray edifices, †Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 9, pp. 1643–1671, 2011.ASCE/SEI 7–10, â€Å"Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, † Published by American Society of Civil Engi neers, 2010.Fenves, G. L. , Mazzoni, S. , McKenna, F. , and Scott, M. H. , â€Å"Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation ( OpenSEES ), † Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California: Berkeley, CA, 2004.Wolf, J. P. , and Deeks, A. J. , â€Å"Foundation Vibration Analysis: a Strength–of–Materials Approach, † Elsevier publications, 2004.Wolf, J. P. , â€Å"Foundation Vibration Analysis Using Simple Physical Models, † Englewood Cliffs ( NJ ) : Prentice–Hall, pp. 293–307, 1994.Sasani, M. , and Bertero, V. â€Å"Importance of terrible pulse–type land gesture in performance–based technology: historical and critical reappraisal, † inProc. of the 12th universe conf. on temblor technology, New Zealand, no. 8, 2000.Kalkan, E. , Kunnath, S. K. , â€Å"Effects of Flinging Step and Forward Directivity on Seismic Response of Buildings, †Earthquake Spectra, vol. 22, pp. 367–390, 2006.Alavi, B. , and Krawinkler, H. , â€Å"Behavior of minute defying frame constructions subjected to near–fault land gestures, †Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, vol. 33, pp. 687–706, 2004.Sehhati, R. , Rodriguez–Marek, A. , ElGawady, M. , and Cofer, W. F. , â€Å"Effects of near–fault land gestures and tantamount pulsations on multi– narrative constructions, †Engineering Structures, vol. 33, pp. 767–779, 2011.

Uncertainty in Heart of Darkness and The Stranger Essay

In The Stranger, Albert Camus establishes uncertainty to diffuse the tension surrounding Meursault while in Heart of Darkness, Joseph Conrad creates uncertainty to intensify the tension around Marlow. Both authors use a first person narrator, which limits the information the reader receives. Also both lead characters miss information though Meursault does so intentionally while Marlow does so unintentionally. Camus enforces the correlation of uncertainty and tension in The Stranger when Meursault gains certainty and the tension that then flows from the book. While the correlation in show in Heart of Darkness when Marlow is uncertain and the tension around him heightens. In both The Stranger and Heart of Darkness, the authors choose a†¦show more content†¦In The Stranger, Meursault voluntarily misses information to alleviate tension while in Heart of Darkness, Marlow misses information unintentionally, which only heightens the tension of his surroundings. These uses of ambi guity lead the readers’ emotions to the desired feeling. When Meursault becomes bored with a conversation he loses focus and the reader loses information. In one conversation with the director, Meursault note, â€Å"The director spoke to me again. But I wasn’t really listening anymore†(Camus 5). Because of Meursault’s lack of focus much information is lost, but with which tension is relieved because, if Meursault does not care the reader also does not. This absence occurs again during the trial’s closing arguments when Meursault sates, â€Å"I stopped listening to the prosecutor† (Camus 100). The closing arguments can be some of the tensest times of a trial but Meursault just dismisses them, which ameliorates the tension of the trial. In Heart of Darkness, Marlow misses information because of circumstances out of his control. When Marlow first sees Kurtz, Marlow hears from a distance, â€Å"A deep voice (that) reached me faintly†(Conr ad 130). Marlow was unable to know what Kurtz was yelling but the idea of his yelling is much more intense than the words that were actually coming out of his mouth. Similarly when awoken by a nearby conversation Marlow only hears, â€Å"bits of absurd sentences that got the better of my drowsiness† (Conrad 91).Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Tell Tale Heart 1110 Words   |  5 Pagesdespicable villains are marked with indifference towards their moral reprehensibility. â€Å"In the Penal Colony† and â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† both elucidate the idea that corruption, darkness, and immorality alike are unperceivable to the one afflicted. However, while â€Å"In the Penal Colony† suggests that this blind nature is a result of dutiful honor, responsibility, and hope, â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† alternatively submits that it is a result of the possibility of fulfillment. Distinction between both argumentsRead MoreReality Was Whispering At Me985 Words   |  4 Pages Reality was whispering to me. My vision blurred, and it wasn’t from tears. My sensations stopped working as the hospital hallways grew dark. I grew mad at myself, wondering why I wasn’t crying like my family. Darkness started to consume me, and the whispers in my head told me what I needed to be answered. I didn’t want answers. I screamed in my head that I’m too young to learn now. My ignorance drifted away, leaving me alone with reality welcoming itself into my head. This was theRead MoreAnxiety And Anxiety Of Anxiety964 Words   |  4 Pagesdeceptive cause.† It typically happens when there is no instantaneous threat to a human’s security or comfort, but the hazard textures tangible. Anxiety makes one desire to relieve oneself from a position, in this case as quickly as possible. Their heart rate might increase, with a fallow of sweat and â€Å"flurries of butterflies† in the stomach. Though, anxiety may cause one to stay vigilant and absorbed with things around them. When someone has an Anxiety attack it’s their bodies accepted reactionRead MoreSummary Of Young Goodman Brown 1278 Words   |  6 Pagesair, passed on through the forest, where no church had ever been gathered, nor solitary Christian prayed. Whither, then, could these holy men be journeying, so deep into the heathen wilderness† (558). When one allows the evil that resides within the heart to take control and steer him down paths he would not normally travel, only God knows where it will lead him. Once that lust has one in its grasp and has fully overtaken his thought process, the person will go to any length to obtain what is desiredRead MoreSummary Of The Guardian 2222 Words   |  9 Pagesdown to Earth. His story is muttered between the older disdainfully because this one fell to the lowest point: mortality. His story is revealed to the younger as a warning to not get too involved in the duties assigned. His story is whispered in the darkness by a Guardian all al one as a reminder that solitude is not everlasting. His story is remembered by those who, like him, had found those they d die for, only to watch them wither away like a flower in winter. His story is an Epic. His story is aRead MoreMusic On My Car Ride Home1238 Words   |  5 PagesWesley once said; â€Å"God does nothing on earth save in answer to believing prayer.†[4] My interpretation of this quote in the situation I found myself in was; God answers my believing heart and not my questioning head. That’s probably a very good thing considering I was pretty much out of my head anyways by this time. Stranger in a Strange Land Shortly after I was born, my mom said I peered around the entire hospital room with a squinty eyed look that said, Why?† She said I was inquisitive. And yetRead MoreModernism as an Impact in Society1500 Words   |  6 Pagesmothers corpse, he begins to think of kissing Helen White. Having this thought while sitting next to his dead mother makes him feel guilty, and he begins to weep again. He leaves the room, still crying, overcome by a combination of fright and uncertainty.† (Anderson) However George remember things such when his mother death for that reason he felt loneliness and maybe in some moments he was depressed for both reason; his mother and Helen White. Sherwood in his story â€Å"Sophistication† arguments:Read MoreRevolutionary Ideas Can Be Proposed Through Art And Design1706 Words   |  7 Pagescentury. How has the context contributed to the approach, medium and presentation of the works? Leo Tolstoy described art as â€Å"one of the means of int ercourse between man and man† in his book, ‘What is Art?’(1897).This is true when we stand beside strangers in an art gallery, and gaze at an artist’s work. One might praise the artist’s craftsmanship and the other may criticizing its overarching message. What transpires in this interaction is exactly what Tolstoy wrote about no matter how opposing theRead MoreEssay on Chapter 1: Resurrection1558 Words   |  7 Pagespeaceful and comforting feeling and fell asleep in the embrace of the falling rain. After a while, I opened my eyes and looked around however could scarcely see anything.â€Å"Not again, please!†, I wished wretchedly. A sharp feeling of menace lurking in the darkness inundated me. My earlier hope of peaceful embrace was progressively and gradually darkening until I noticed some lights above. I looked carefully and kept observing in wonder some tiny twinkling holes sprayed on a dark canvas. It seemed speakingRead MoreInteriority In Ed Wood1875 Words   |  8 Pagesmovie making. In film, the motivations behind a character’s actions cannot be seen, so the narrative space of the story can begin to seem pointless and disconnected. In movies focusing on some great quest or task, it is easier to see the mind and heart of a character because their actions are bigger; therefore, the events become contextualized by the interiority of the character. On the other hand, in movies like Ed Wood, the action is ordinary and mundane. This makes the events harder to co ntextualize